Every one must know about yoga .In today’s life, every one is suffering from many kinds of stresses. Our life is switched to over clock speed for toady’s competitive world .so, our body and mind get wear and tears .To gets rid of these, we must do yoga. Yoga is the oldest known science of self development. It can control us physically, mentally and spiritually. According to science yoga is process of conscious unfolding of one’s self. Where by the physical mental and spiritual of the individual attains perfect development.
There are four types of yoga:viz ., Karma yoga, Bhakti yoga, Jnana yoga, and Raja yoga. Coming to raja yoga .There are eight steps of raja yoga’s classified by yogi patanjali , namely ,yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, prathiyahara, dharana, dhyana, Samadhi.
We will know about PRANAYAMA: Life starts with the first breathe and terminate with the cessation of the same breathe, during the life span a continuous supply of oxygen is necessary for the functioning of every cell and every organ of our body. pranayama is derived from the two words prana and yama. Prana means energy, yama means control. There are more than hundred types of pranayama techniques .we will know about
Nandi shodhana pranayama
*Sit in vajra asana(keeping biceps on both triceps )left arm on the left thigh the thumb and the ring finger of the right hand touch each side of the nose, with the index and middle fingers on the fore head.
*Close the right nostril with the thumb and inhale through the left nostril for the count of three. After inhalation close both nostrils and hold the breath for a count of SIX and exhale through the right nostril .then close both nostrils and have outer retention for account of three. Now inhale through right nostril for account of three. Close both nostrils and have inner retention for a count of six. T hen exhale through left nostril for account of six. Then close both nostrils and have outer retention for count of three. It completes one round of this pranayama.
*Have three rounds initially and increase the number according to need and time available.
Benefits from this pranayama:
*Blood is purified by removing toxins .The blood will have large supply of oxygen than normal breathing.
* Every cell of the brain get stimulates and our body muscles will also get relaxation. Our lungs will be purified by oxygen in pranayama.
Sunday, January 6, 2008
Tuesday, December 18, 2007
Leadership
Leadership
The word “leadership” is most talked about and the least understood phenomena in the world. By “leadership” a majority of people bring to their mind a number of leaders who have had direct or indirect impact upon them and upon their world while taking on leadership almost invariably the attributes and the methods of the famous leaders were discussed. These leaders may include individuals lime lighting themselves in any area-moral, amoral or immoral, benefactors or malefactors of humanity, persons who regard human beings or reject them out rightly.
A definition of leadership includes the notion that several functions are being enacted that enable a group to perform successfully (Stogdil, 1974). These qualities typically include those that reflect some kind of managerial competencies, including planning, organising and directing efforts, as well as a second set of tasks that includes enhancing human relations and may also include various interpersonal skills that help individual and group motivation.
A leader is, thus, one who enhances the possibility of attainment of group goals. Leadership evidence by an individual may be viewed as a transaction between that person and the group.
Leadership – Dictionary Meaning:– The exercise of authority in a social group the quality or qualities upon which such exercise of authority depends, varying with the nature of the social group, and the circumstances in which leadership is displayed or established (Penguin Psychological Dictionary).
Various thinkers have defined the world leadership in a functional as well as behavioural manner. Terry (1960) writes that “leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives”. Tannenbaunm et al (1961) define it as “interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed through the communication process, towards the attainment of a specialized goal or goals”. Stodgily (1950) takes leadership as “The process of influencing activities of an organised in its efforts towards setting goal achievement”. These definitions are more concerned with the actions which are required by the group in various conditions if they are to achieve their goals. Leadership is the performance of those acts which help the group to achieve its preferred outcomes. The preferred outcomes naturally differ from situation to situation. There is an innumerable variety of situations calling for leadership but all these situations do comprise certain relations, in which leadership is exerted. Leadership and isolation are incompatible. While sitting by himself, a leader may feel loneliness but it is only through relationships and effective communication that he can exercise his leadership.
Leadership studies have been a central theme in social psychology since its beginnings and appear in numerous applied areas, including education, the military, government and industry. For the most part this transaction involves an implied interpersonal contract. The followers agree to bestow authority upon an individual in return, the leader agrees in help the group attain one or more objectives.
The most part, however, research in sport psychology has concentrated on the coach as a leader. Researchers interested in team performance have largely ignored the leaders and leadership forces that may emerge or be appointed from within team membership itself.
Moreover, several of the more prevalent models and approaches to the study of leadership in general are not relevant to coaching and other leadership dimensions in sport.
The following discussion will focus primarily on models and applications that involve coaching attributes, behaviours and outcomes. However, when appropriate, useful ideas, theories and models from industrial psychology and other applied areas have been incorporated into the discussion.
One useful model that projects various inter as they potentially influence leadership and team performance was formulated from ideas by Chellandurai (1984). The illustrations, contains lines that imply correlations together with blocks that represent content areas.
Leadership is a social phenomenon that exists everywhere throughout the world. Leadership arise only where there is a group with norms striving to reach a goal.
Sport (1960) said that “any one, who acts as model to other is often called a leader”. Every person who leads a group of people is called a leader. Leadership behaviour is in demand in various fields of life situations: social, political, cultural, educational, sports and games fields, etc. Groups and organisations of all sorts are liable to survive and succeed only under effective leadership.
Good leadership is a prime necessity for the promotion and enhancement of physical education in educational institutions. An institution may possess all the other facilities but if there is no adequate leadership and supervision, it will be a Ship without a captain, a factory without a manager, a temple without a priest, and a rest house without a care take. Leadership is, therefore, the mainspring for the proper conduct of the coordinated programmes of physical education in schools and colleges.
The main aim of education is to modify the behaviour of the child according to the needs and expectancy of the society behaviour is composed of so many attributes. One of these important attributes is attitude one’s attitude towards the things idea, person or objective. In this environment of the child it is influenced by the nature of this attitudes learning of a subject and acquisition of habits, interests and other psychophysical dispositions are all effected by this attitudes.
According to Traverse, “an attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behaviour is given a certain direction.” Whitaker said “an attitude is a predisposition’s or readiness to respond in a pre-determined manner to relevant stimuli”.
Leadership Identification of Variables
“The speed of the boss is the speed of the tam” Raph Walso Emerson. Raph Walso Emerson (1942) perceptively remarked: “An institution is the lengthened shadow, he has gathered his team first he has inspired them, set course, provided the momentum and steered them in profitable directions.
Definitions of Leaderships:
Sport “Any one who acts as model to other is often called a leader”. Kimball Young “What is popularly called leadership is the more accurately to be discussed in terms of dominance”. Cattle “Leader is the person who creates the most effective change in group performance”.
The researcher has defined the term “Leadership” in the following lines: “A person who is a good follower of himself is called a leader”.
Leadership Development
Leadership development is a broad concept that includes but goes beyond teaching skills and enhancing career mobility. While individuals must create opportunities to develop themselves, institutions must help them to do so by effectively managing human resources, by establishing a climate that encourages participation and innovation and by actively promoting leadership development.
Origin and Development of Leadership
Various factors are responsible for the origin and development of leadership. Various social thinkers and sociologists have put forward their views in regard. The theories in regard to the origin and development of leadership as given by different sociologists and psychologists are enumerated below.
Origin and development of leadership as given by psychoanalysts. Psycho-analysts have held out the view that for the origin of leadership, desire, sex feeling, failures, greediness, desire to acquire prestige, repression family experiences and such other qualities are necessary. This school of the social thinkers is of the view that it is this psychological traits that contribute the origin and development leadership.
Theories of Leadership
Various theories have been advanced on leaders behaviour. These theirs can be classified into the following broad headings.
(i) Interaction theory
(ii) Classical theory
(iii) Times theory
(iv) Psychoanalytic theory
Types of Leadership
Leadership is an ambiguous concept. It exact meanings depends on the types of relationships that is established between the leader and the followers. Tricket has suggested classification in terms of (a) traditional, (b) situational and (c) behavioural approaches.
A leader is a person who directs, commands or heads a group or organisation or a nation. The word “leader” has originated from “Lord” which is the old Nordic language meant the course or path of a ship at area. The leader was the captain, who in olden times was usually the steers man and navigator as well.
The word “leadership” is most talked about and the least understood phenomena in the world. By “leadership” a majority of people bring to their mind a number of leaders who have had direct or indirect impact upon them and upon their world while taking on leadership almost invariably the attributes and the methods of the famous leaders were discussed. These leaders may include individuals lime lighting themselves in any area-moral, amoral or immoral, benefactors or malefactors of humanity, persons who regard human beings or reject them out rightly.
A definition of leadership includes the notion that several functions are being enacted that enable a group to perform successfully (Stogdil, 1974). These qualities typically include those that reflect some kind of managerial competencies, including planning, organising and directing efforts, as well as a second set of tasks that includes enhancing human relations and may also include various interpersonal skills that help individual and group motivation.
A leader is, thus, one who enhances the possibility of attainment of group goals. Leadership evidence by an individual may be viewed as a transaction between that person and the group.
Leadership – Dictionary Meaning:– The exercise of authority in a social group the quality or qualities upon which such exercise of authority depends, varying with the nature of the social group, and the circumstances in which leadership is displayed or established (Penguin Psychological Dictionary).
Various thinkers have defined the world leadership in a functional as well as behavioural manner. Terry (1960) writes that “leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives”. Tannenbaunm et al (1961) define it as “interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed through the communication process, towards the attainment of a specialized goal or goals”. Stodgily (1950) takes leadership as “The process of influencing activities of an organised in its efforts towards setting goal achievement”. These definitions are more concerned with the actions which are required by the group in various conditions if they are to achieve their goals. Leadership is the performance of those acts which help the group to achieve its preferred outcomes. The preferred outcomes naturally differ from situation to situation. There is an innumerable variety of situations calling for leadership but all these situations do comprise certain relations, in which leadership is exerted. Leadership and isolation are incompatible. While sitting by himself, a leader may feel loneliness but it is only through relationships and effective communication that he can exercise his leadership.
Leadership studies have been a central theme in social psychology since its beginnings and appear in numerous applied areas, including education, the military, government and industry. For the most part this transaction involves an implied interpersonal contract. The followers agree to bestow authority upon an individual in return, the leader agrees in help the group attain one or more objectives.
The most part, however, research in sport psychology has concentrated on the coach as a leader. Researchers interested in team performance have largely ignored the leaders and leadership forces that may emerge or be appointed from within team membership itself.
Moreover, several of the more prevalent models and approaches to the study of leadership in general are not relevant to coaching and other leadership dimensions in sport.
The following discussion will focus primarily on models and applications that involve coaching attributes, behaviours and outcomes. However, when appropriate, useful ideas, theories and models from industrial psychology and other applied areas have been incorporated into the discussion.
One useful model that projects various inter as they potentially influence leadership and team performance was formulated from ideas by Chellandurai (1984). The illustrations, contains lines that imply correlations together with blocks that represent content areas.
Leadership is a social phenomenon that exists everywhere throughout the world. Leadership arise only where there is a group with norms striving to reach a goal.
Sport (1960) said that “any one, who acts as model to other is often called a leader”. Every person who leads a group of people is called a leader. Leadership behaviour is in demand in various fields of life situations: social, political, cultural, educational, sports and games fields, etc. Groups and organisations of all sorts are liable to survive and succeed only under effective leadership.
Good leadership is a prime necessity for the promotion and enhancement of physical education in educational institutions. An institution may possess all the other facilities but if there is no adequate leadership and supervision, it will be a Ship without a captain, a factory without a manager, a temple without a priest, and a rest house without a care take. Leadership is, therefore, the mainspring for the proper conduct of the coordinated programmes of physical education in schools and colleges.
The main aim of education is to modify the behaviour of the child according to the needs and expectancy of the society behaviour is composed of so many attributes. One of these important attributes is attitude one’s attitude towards the things idea, person or objective. In this environment of the child it is influenced by the nature of this attitudes learning of a subject and acquisition of habits, interests and other psychophysical dispositions are all effected by this attitudes.
According to Traverse, “an attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behaviour is given a certain direction.” Whitaker said “an attitude is a predisposition’s or readiness to respond in a pre-determined manner to relevant stimuli”.
Leadership Identification of Variables
“The speed of the boss is the speed of the tam” Raph Walso Emerson. Raph Walso Emerson (1942) perceptively remarked: “An institution is the lengthened shadow, he has gathered his team first he has inspired them, set course, provided the momentum and steered them in profitable directions.
Definitions of Leaderships:
Sport “Any one who acts as model to other is often called a leader”. Kimball Young “What is popularly called leadership is the more accurately to be discussed in terms of dominance”. Cattle “Leader is the person who creates the most effective change in group performance”.
The researcher has defined the term “Leadership” in the following lines: “A person who is a good follower of himself is called a leader”.
Leadership Development
Leadership development is a broad concept that includes but goes beyond teaching skills and enhancing career mobility. While individuals must create opportunities to develop themselves, institutions must help them to do so by effectively managing human resources, by establishing a climate that encourages participation and innovation and by actively promoting leadership development.
Origin and Development of Leadership
Various factors are responsible for the origin and development of leadership. Various social thinkers and sociologists have put forward their views in regard. The theories in regard to the origin and development of leadership as given by different sociologists and psychologists are enumerated below.
Origin and development of leadership as given by psychoanalysts. Psycho-analysts have held out the view that for the origin of leadership, desire, sex feeling, failures, greediness, desire to acquire prestige, repression family experiences and such other qualities are necessary. This school of the social thinkers is of the view that it is this psychological traits that contribute the origin and development leadership.
Theories of Leadership
Various theories have been advanced on leaders behaviour. These theirs can be classified into the following broad headings.
(i) Interaction theory
(ii) Classical theory
(iii) Times theory
(iv) Psychoanalytic theory
Types of Leadership
Leadership is an ambiguous concept. It exact meanings depends on the types of relationships that is established between the leader and the followers. Tricket has suggested classification in terms of (a) traditional, (b) situational and (c) behavioural approaches.
A leader is a person who directs, commands or heads a group or organisation or a nation. The word “leader” has originated from “Lord” which is the old Nordic language meant the course or path of a ship at area. The leader was the captain, who in olden times was usually the steers man and navigator as well.
EFFECT OF SELECTED
YOGASANA’s ON PULSE RATE
What is Yoga? Yoga means Union. In other words Union with God. It could be Union of the two or more opposite gunas or forces or powers (Sattra, Rajas and Tamasa). The Principal is first to control the mind to active the body. Asana is Sanskrit word which means pose or posture. The pose related to Physical, Mental, Emotional and Spiritual background. There are 28 meditative Asans and 56 Cultural Asanas.
Yoga is an ancient Scientific system which brings hormony in body and mind. It has been developed by sages for the spiritual advancement of an individual. It takes all the aspects of human personality.
The aim of Yoga on its physical side is to avoid disease and ensure health by establishing and maintaining Physical harmony in the human body. Though Yogic practices, Yogic therapeutics aim at restoring the internal recreations to their normality by securing the health of the endocrine systems.
Since Yogic exercises develop most of the components of physical fitness, it is expected that it will develop the Cardio-respiratory endurance also.
DISCUSSIONS :
The t-ratio for pulse rate was calculated to find out whether there is any significant change before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas.
The difference between means of pulse rate before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas was 4 and the standard error of the difference between means was 0.695. The t-ratio from this difference was 5.755.
The t-ratio was found to be significant at 0.01 level of confidence. The obtained t-value was greater than the required table value of 2.76 at 0.01 level confidence for 29 degrees of freedom.
The difference between the means of the pulse rate before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas was large enough to be attributed to the experimental variable.
Hence the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.01 level of significance and the hypothesis of the investigation was that the effect of selected Yogasanas on Pulse rate was held true.
CONCLUSIONS :
The practice of selected Yogasanas has reduced the normal pulse rate significantly.
RECOMMENDATIONS :
1) With the obtained results of the effect of selected Yogasanas, it is clear that those who have high pulse rate shall be advised to practice selected Yogasanas to reduce the Pulse rate.
2) Selected Yogasanas, as it is a simple form of exercise, may be introduced as compulsory activity under Yoga to be taught and practiced .
3) As Asanas have been prescribed to taught under compulsory Physical Education Programme.
YOGASANA’s ON PULSE RATE
What is Yoga? Yoga means Union. In other words Union with God. It could be Union of the two or more opposite gunas or forces or powers (Sattra, Rajas and Tamasa). The Principal is first to control the mind to active the body. Asana is Sanskrit word which means pose or posture. The pose related to Physical, Mental, Emotional and Spiritual background. There are 28 meditative Asans and 56 Cultural Asanas.
Yoga is an ancient Scientific system which brings hormony in body and mind. It has been developed by sages for the spiritual advancement of an individual. It takes all the aspects of human personality.
The aim of Yoga on its physical side is to avoid disease and ensure health by establishing and maintaining Physical harmony in the human body. Though Yogic practices, Yogic therapeutics aim at restoring the internal recreations to their normality by securing the health of the endocrine systems.
Since Yogic exercises develop most of the components of physical fitness, it is expected that it will develop the Cardio-respiratory endurance also.
DISCUSSIONS :
The t-ratio for pulse rate was calculated to find out whether there is any significant change before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas.
The difference between means of pulse rate before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas was 4 and the standard error of the difference between means was 0.695. The t-ratio from this difference was 5.755.
The t-ratio was found to be significant at 0.01 level of confidence. The obtained t-value was greater than the required table value of 2.76 at 0.01 level confidence for 29 degrees of freedom.
The difference between the means of the pulse rate before and after the practice of selected Yogasanas was large enough to be attributed to the experimental variable.
Hence the null hypothesis was rejected at 0.01 level of significance and the hypothesis of the investigation was that the effect of selected Yogasanas on Pulse rate was held true.
CONCLUSIONS :
The practice of selected Yogasanas has reduced the normal pulse rate significantly.
RECOMMENDATIONS :
1) With the obtained results of the effect of selected Yogasanas, it is clear that those who have high pulse rate shall be advised to practice selected Yogasanas to reduce the Pulse rate.
2) Selected Yogasanas, as it is a simple form of exercise, may be introduced as compulsory activity under Yoga to be taught and practiced .
3) As Asanas have been prescribed to taught under compulsory Physical Education Programme.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)